المجلد 12 سنة 2025

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A LEGAL APPROACH TO STATES' RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE USE OF MILITARY ROBOTS IN ARMED CONFLICTS
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-06-30) SOFIANE NASRI
Self -operational weapons, or what is known as military fighting robots, represents a real challenge to contemporary international law, as the latter depends in its organization of the war on the ability, efficiency and readiness of people who participate in combat operations to distinguish between legitimate targets and that forbidden international A material and human grave, while others go to the fact that these robots are more able to distinguish than soldiers.
Administrative Policy in Combating Organized Crime in Algeria
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-06-30) YEKHLEF Abdelkader
Algeria stands out as a state to endorse agreements on transnational organized crime. Showing genuine commitment and resolute determination to execute its mission to prevent and fight such criminal activity eyeball-to-eyeball. This dedicated endeavor is complemented by collaborating with countries and international institutions; showcasing Algeria’s contribution, in the global fight, against organized crime. This commitment is further illustrated through its incorporation of rules of such treaties into its legislation which includes establishing administrative structures in addition to security institutions at a national level. Hence, in the current study, the aim is to analyze such groups. Whether they are being structured to meet counter operations in favor of combating organized crime and are primarily aligned in combating forms of organized crime activities
Comparing the reality of participatory democracy in the Algerian and Tunisian states and their effects on the management of local public affairs
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-06-30) TEKOUK Kheira
This research paper aims to provide an analytical study of the participatory democracy approach in the Algerian and Tunisian experiences, through a comparative study through which we wanted to review the most important constitutional and legal frameworks and regulations and the programs that embody them, and to provide an analytical legal reading of the most important basic points that the reform touched upon in this framework. Our choice to address this topic is due to the fact that it is one of the leading topics in the management of regional groups, especially in light of the crises that representative democracy has experienced. This is what led the Algerian and Tunisian legislators to resort to adopting several reforms whose texts were reflected in the Algerian constitutional amendment of 2016 and the Tunisian constitution of 2014.
iL’exception d’inconstitutionnalité dans les pays du Maghreb «Algérie, Tunisie et Maroc»
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-01-06) Oumamar ABOUBAKR NASSIM
L’exception d’inconstitutionnalité est un outil juridique posé par un mémoire permettant de vérifier la conformité à la Constitution d’une norme législative ou réglementaire dont dépend la solution du litige. Le propos de cet article est de mettre en lumière cet outil et d’en définir les The unconstitutionality exception, raised by means of a pleading, is a legal mechanism allowing for the review of the constitutionality of a legislative or regulatory norm upon which the outcome of a dispute depends. This tool is established by memorandum. The purpose of this article is to highlight this tool and define its mechanisms in order to democratize its use and simplify
Mechanisms Anti Crimes Electronic And its role in promoting Security Cyber
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-06-30) KHALFALLAH Adel; MILOUD Hocine
The rapid advancement of digital technologies and the Internet has given rise to numerous criminal activities that jeopardize individuals' privacy and national security, despite being safeguarded by international and national laws concerning the collection and processing of personal data. Due to the gravity of cybercrimes and their direct link to technological progress, the global community has recognized the need to act decisively by enacting comprehensive legislation to address these threats. In an effort to harmonize cybersecurity-related laws, several international agreements and conventions have been established to combat cybercrimes. Among the most notable is the Budapest Convention, issued by the European Union, which stands as the first international treaty dedicated to address crimes associated with modern technology.
Publicity of Real Estate Claims and Judicial Decisions in Algerian Legislation
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-06-30) KHODJA Hassina
The Algerian real estate legal framework has outlined and defined procedures and systems for the publicity of various claims and judicial decisions pertaining to real property. With respect to real estate claims, the Algerian legislature has granted a scope for challenging publicity rights. Despite the evidentiary strength of the real property publicity system adopted by the Algerian legislature, it does not purge publicity rights of their defects. On this basis, it grants individuals adversely affected by publicity rights the right to seek contestation. The legislature has mandated that real estate claims be subject to marginal notation on the property card, in accordance with Article 72 and Article 85 of Decree No. 76/63 dated March 25, 1976. Regarding the publicity of judgments and judicial decisions, these are also subject to real estate publicity procedures, as stipulated in Article 14, Paragraph 2 of Ordinance No. 75/74 dated November 12, 1975.
Reconciling the promotion of free competition and criminal protection of the national market from the perspective of the Algerian legislator
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-06-30) KAID Hafida
The Algerian state has shown great interest in protecting citizens and the national market from practices that undermine the integrity of trade, transparency and freedom of competition, which are considered basic pillars of the national economy. Perhaps the most important of these is what Algeria, like the world, has witnessed from the effects of the Corona pandemic and its repercussions in various fields, one of which was illegal speculation that eliminates competition and undermines the national economy, which forced the legislator to impose severe penalties and grant broader powers to the ordinary judge and the Competition Council to protect the economy and the country, which is what we study in this research paper.
Technology Transfer Contract as a Mechanism for Economic Advancement
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-01-06) Ahmed NOUI; Fatma Zohra GUEDOUARI
In our current era, technology has become a vital cornerstone for the economy and its advancement in all its forms and types. The world is divided into advanced countries that use modern technology effectively and developing countries that strive diligently to acquire this technology for various purposes
The International Legal Framework for Combating Environmental Crimes
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-06-30) BADIS Cherif
The legal framework adopted by the international community to provide criminal legal protection for the environment, at both the national and international levels, is closely linked to the legal criminal approach to environmental conservation. This connection arises from the legal obligation of citizens to adhere to their state's commitments toward the international community as stipulated in relevant international and regional treaties—both directly and indirectly related to environmental protection. This is based on the premise that states are bound by these treaties to integrate and enshrine these obligations into their constitutions and domestic environmental legislation. Accordingly, this study aims to address the provisions of legal protection for the environment in its deterrent aspect as established in international conventions. The objective is to extract the scope and requirements of such protection on both domestic and international levels, derived primarily from international environmental law and international criminal law.
The Legal Frameworks of Cinema
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-06-30) BOUBETRA Tarek
The legal frameworks for cinema encompass a set of laws that regulate film production and protect the rights of creators and producers alike. These frameworks include intellectual property rights to safeguard works from unauthorized reproduction, censorship laws that regulate content according to the social values of each country, as well as financing laws that support production through government or private partnerships. They also encompass laws regarding distribution and exhibition in various markets. However, a major issue arises regarding the ability of these frameworks to keep pace with the rapid technological changes in the film industry, especially with the rise of digital streaming platforms, which raises questions about how to achieve a balance between creative freedom and social censorship without infringing on the rights of artists and the public.
THE LICENSING SYSTEM AS A MECHANISM FOR REGULATING ECONOMIC CONCENTRATIONS
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-01-06) SOUMIA GUERFI; TAHAR ZOUAGRI
Economic conglomerates are one of the means that institutions resort to in order to increase their economic power and improve their competitiveness. However, they may
The Necessity of Regulating Insurance against the Effects of Agricultural Disasters in Algerian Legislation
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-06-30) AMRIOU Djaouida
Insurance against the effects of agricultural disasters serves as a means to protect agricultural investors and farmers from losses resulting from such disasters. While the Algerian legislator has addressed insurance for agricultural risks, it has not specifically regulated insurance against the effects of agricultural disasters through a dedicated law. This article seeks to distinguish between the concepts of insurance for agricultural risks and insurance against the effects of agricultural disasters, as well as the various institutions that provide guarantees in the event of their occurrence. Ultimately, it underscores the necessity for the Algerian legislator to enact a law regulating insurance against the effects of agricultural disasters.
THE OBJECTIVE LIABILITY FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-01-06) RIM RAFIAA LAOUER
Protecting users of artificial intelligence is essential, especially as contractual and tort liability is based on an act that is difficult to prove on the part of the affected person. Due to the inability to apply the general
The self-employment System in Algeria: Between Support and Supervision
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-06-30) BOUFAMA Samira
In light of global economic and social developments, self-employment has become a strategic tool for fostering economic growth and creating job opportunities. Accordingly, Algeria has recently introduced the self-employed contractor model as part of its efforts to integrate the informal sector into the formal economy by establishing a legal and regulatory framework that simplifies procedures and enables individuals to engage in economic activities lawfully. The enactment of Law No. 23-22 on self-employment underscores the role of self-employed contractors as a key mechanism for supporting the national economy and promoting sustainable development. This study aims to analyze the legal framework governing self-employed contractors in Algeria, with a particular focus on the conditions for registration, rights, obligations, and regulatory oversight of their activities.
إجراءات التحري والمعاينة لجريمة المضاربة غير المشروعة في التشريع الجزائري
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-06-30) كمون أحمد; أحمد سعود
تعتبر المضاربة غير المشروعة من الظواهر التي نفشت في المجتمعات نتيجة التطور الاقتصادي والاجتماعي الذي شهدته، ولمعالجة الأمر فإن المشرع الجزائري على غرار بقية التشريعات في الدول أصدر قانون خاص لها بعدما رأى بأن قواعد قانون العقوبات لم تعد قادرة على معالجتها والتصدي لها، وفي هذا الصدد سنحاول الوقوف على أهم جوانب هذه الظاهرة وهو بيان أهمية الإجراءات التي جاء بها في التصدي لها وكيفية التحري والمعاينة لهذه الجريمة الماسة بالاقتصاد الوطني والقدرة الشرائية للمستهلك. Illegal speculation is one of the phenomena that have erupted in societies as a result of economic and social development. In order to deal with the matter, Algerian legislation, like the rest of the State's legislators, promulgated a special law for them, which it considered that the rules of the penal code could no longer be dealt with and addressed, In this regard, we will try to identify the most important aspects of this phenomenon, namely, the importance of its actions in addressing it and how to investigate and investigate this crime, which affects the national economy and the consumer's purchasing power
استقلالية السلطة القضائية في الجزائر وأثرها على نزاهة العمليات الانتخابية
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-01-06) فطناسي عبد الرحمان
تتمتع السلطة القضائية بدور بارز خلال مراحل العملية الانتخابية، فبالإضافة إلى دورها في الإشراف، فهي تسهر على ضمان نزاهة العمليات الانتخابية، حيث تختص وبصفة حصرية بالفصل في المنازعات التي تترتب في هذا المجال حماية لحقوق الأفراد وإرادتهم من المصادرة أو التزوير. غير أن ذلك لن يتحقق إلا إذا تم في استقلالية وظيفية تامة للسلطة القضائية عن غيرها من السلطات. لكن هذه الاستقلالية تبقى مجرد شعارا أجوفا ما لم تعزز بضمانات تجسد ها بصورة فعلية. من أجل ذلك أقر المؤسس الدستوري الجزائري بعض الدعائم لتعزيز استقلالية السلطة القضائية عن بقية السلطات. مما يطرح التساؤل حول: ما مدى تجسيد استقلالية السلطة القضائية بالجزائر وما هو دورها في ضمان نزاهة العمليات الانتخابية؟ غير أنه من خلال هذه الدراسة، خلصنا إلى القول بان التعديل الدستوري لسنة 2020 قد أقر عدة مظاهر تجسد مبدأ الاستقلالية الوظيفية للسلطة القضائية عن بقية السلطات. لكن على الرغم من ذلك، وبالنظر إلى الممارسات الميدانية لهذا المبدأ في المواعيد الانتخابية خاصة في الانتخابات البرلمانية والرئاسية، نخلص إلى القول أن هذا الأمر مكرس نسبيا، حيث لا تزال تعترضه العديد من العوائق تحول دون تحقيقه بصورة فعلية وتؤثر سلبيا على نزاهة العمليات الانتخابية، مما يجعله في حاجة ماسة إلى بذل المزيد من الجهود لتدارك هذه العوائق لتجسيده ميدانيا لضمان نزاهة حقيقية للعمليات الانتخابية. The judiciary has a prominent role during the electoral process’ stages. In addition to its role in supervision, it ensures the integrity of the electoral operations, as it specializes exclusively to separate disputes that arise in this field to protect the rights of individuals against confiscations. However, this will not be achieved unless it is done in a complete functional independence of the judiciary from other authorities. For this reason, the Algerian constitutional founder acknowledged some pillars to enhance the independence of the judiciary from the rest of the authorities, which raises the question about: How to embody the independence of the judiciary in Algeria and what is its role in ensuring the integrity of electoral operations? We concluded that the constitutional amendment of 2020 has approved several aspects that embody the independence of the judiciary from the rest of the authorities, especially in the parliamentary and presidential elections, this matter is relatively devoted, as many obstacles are still being intercepted by its realization and negatively affect the integrity of the electoral processes, This makes him in urgent need to make more efforts to remedy these obstacles to embody it in the field to ensure real integrity of electoral operations.
إشكالية تحمل الذكاء الاصطناعي المسؤولية العقدية
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-06-30) فيلالي حمزة; بن ناصر وهيبة
سوف نعالج في هذا المقال موضوع المسؤولية العقدية للذكاء الاصطناعي، بحكم أنه موضوع جديد جدة التطور التكنولوجي، الذي عرفته البشرية في ميدان البرمجيات والروبوتات، حيث أصبحت العديد من المهن في خطر، خصوصا بعد ظهور إمكانيات هائلة للذكاء الاصطناعي، مكنت من إحلال الآلة مكان الإنسان، الأمر الذي جعل من الآلة طرفا في العقد بقوة الواقع، تتحمل المسؤولية عن الأعمال التي تقوم بها، لكن الإشكال يطرح في التأطير القانوني لهذه المسألة، كون هذا الكيان المفترض الجديد، لا يحوز بعد الشخصية القانونية، لذا وإحاطة بالموضوع، تم التطرق أولا إلى فحوى المسؤولية العقدية من حيث التعريف والشروط، ثم الانتقال إلى الذكاء الاصطناعي من جانب نشوء الفكرة إلى غاية آخر صورة اتخذها في الوقت الراهن، مع محاولة إسقاط موضوع المسؤولية العقدية عليه. نستنتج في الأخير أن الذكاء الاصطناعي رغم تطوره، لا يمكن تحميله المسؤولية العقدية في ظل الإطار القانوني الحالي، لغياب الشخصية القانونية، مما يتطلب إعادة النظر في المفاهيم التقليدية للمسؤولية. In this paper, we will deal with the topic of contractual liability of artificial intelligence, due to the rapid technological development that humanity has witnessed in the field of software and robotics. Many professions may disappear in the future after the emergence of immense capabilities of artificial intelligence, which have enabled machines to replace humans. This situation gives machine a legal position as contract party, bearing responsibility for the actions it performs. However, the issue arises in the legal framing of this matter, as this hypothetical new entity does not yet possess legal personality. Therefore, to cover the topic, we first addressed the essence of contractual liability in terms of definition and conditions, then moved on to artificial intelligence from the beginnings of the idea to its latest form at present with an attempt to impose the issue of contractual liability on it. We conclude that, despite its development, artificial intelligence cannot be held contractually liable under the current legal framework due to the absence of legal personality. This requires reconsidering traditional concepts of liability.
الآثار المالية المترتبة عن التسريح التأديبي غير المشروع للموظفين
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-06-30) سدرة وسيلة
تتطلب الحماية الكاملة لحقوق الموظف العمومي الذي صدر في حقه قرار تسريح تأديبي تم إلغائه قضائيا، إلزام الإدارة بإعادة إدماجه في منصب عمله، فضلا عن التزامها بإعادة بناء مركزه القانوني. ويتضمن هذا الالتزام الأخير شقين أساسيين؛ الأول وظيفي، ويتعلق بالتزام الإدارة بإعادة بناء المركز الوظيفي للموظف المسرح من جديد، خاصة فيما يتعلق بالترقيات. والثاني مالي، ويتعلق بالمستحقات المالية التي تلزم الإدارة بصرفها له. وهو الالتزام الذي سيكون موضوع هذه الورقة البحثية التي تسعى إلى بحث ومناقشة الضوابط، التي يعتمدها القاضي الإداري في تحديد الحقوق المالية التي تترتب للموظف بعد إلغاء قرار تسريحه التأديبي، من خلال محورين أساسيين، الأول تم تخصيصه لمناقشة طبيعة الأثر المالي المترتب على الإلغاء القضائي لقرار التسريح غير المشروع. أما المحور الثاني فيتعلق ببحث ودراسة كيفية تحديد مقدار التعويض المستحق للموظف المسرح تأديبيا. The full protection of the rights of a public employee who was dismissed by an illegal disciplinary decision obligates the administration to reintegrate him into his job, in addition to its obligation to rebuild his legal status. This last obligation includes two main parts: the first is functional, related to the administration’s obligation to rebuild the job status of the dismissed employee again, especially with regard to promotions. The second is financial, related to the financial dues that the administration is required to pay him. This obligation will be the subject of this research paper, which aims to examine and discuss the controls adopted by the administrative judge to determine the financial rights that accrue to the employee after the judicial cancellation of his disciplinary dismissal decision, through two main axes. The first is devoted to discussing the nature of the financial effects resulting from the judicial cancellation of the illegal dismissal decision, while the second axis focuses on researching and studying how to determine the amount of compensation due to the employee who was dismissed for disciplinary reasons.
الإثبات بالخبـرة في المنازعات الطبيـة
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-01-06) أسامـة جفالي
تعتبر الخبرة الطّبية أكثر طرق الإثبات في المنازعات الطبية على الإطلاق، لكونها وسيلة إثبات قضائية ذات طابع فني، تقوم على تشخيص مسالة واقعية معقدة وحساسة لارتباطها بجسم الإنسان، وهذه المهمّة لا تكون إلا من مختص يعيّنه القاضي، وهذا ما يمنحها حجية كبيرة في إثبات الخطأ ومقدار الضرر لقيام مسؤولية الطبيب ومرتكب الخطأ عموما، فغالبا ما يؤسس القاضي على نتائجها حكمه، إلا أنه - بصفته الخبير الأعلى في القضية- يبقى غير مقيد بما ورد فيها أن لم يجد ما يريده من إيضاح، أو ظهر له أن استنتاجات الخبير غير دقيقة أو مخالفة للواقع، علما أه لا يمكنه أن يتعدى نتيجة التقرير إلى درجة تفنيد رأي الخبير أو مناقشته في مسالة فنية بحتة، وتبقى ممارسة الخبير الطبي لمهامه تنم عن صعوبات جمة، كشبهة التضامن مع الطبيب محل المساءلة، أو بسبب عدم إحاطة الخبير بالظروف المادية التي ارتكب فيها الخطأ الطبي، ومع ذلك تبقى الخبرة الطبية انجع طرق الإثبات في المنازعات الطبية بلا منازع. Medical expertise is considered an essential means of judicial proof due to its technical nature, involving the diagnosis of complex and sensitive medical issues related to the human body. This task can only be carried out by a specialist appointed by the judge, granting it significant authority in establishing medical errors and determining the extent of harm caused by healthcare providers or other liable parties. While judges often rely on the findings of medical experts in rendering their decisions, they retain the discretion to question or challenge expert opinions if they are deemed inaccurate or inconsistent with the facts of the case. The practice of medical experts in fulfilling their duties presents various challenges, such as potential bias towards healthcare providers or a lack of understanding of the material circumstances surrounding medical errors. Nevertheless, medical expertise remains a highly effective method of proof in medical disputes.
الإجراءات العملية للإخطار غير المباشر أمام المحكمة الدستورية الجزائرية على ضوء القانون العضوي 22-19
(كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2025-01-06) عطاوي الطاهر; عويسات فتيحة
يعتبر الدفع بعدم الدستورية آلية لتفعيل الرقابة القضائية، وآلية دفاع قانونية غير مباشرة أمام المحكمة الدستورية ضد نص تشريعي أو تنظيمي مخالف لنصوص الدستور، يتم من قبل كل ذي مصلحة إذا تبين له أن هذا النص يمس بحقوقه أو حريته المكفولة دستوريا. وهذا ما تم التأكيد عليه من طرف المؤسس الدستوري الجزائري في ظل التعديل الدستوري (2020) والقانون العضوي (22-19). تسلط هذه الدراسة على الجهود المبذولة للمؤسس الدستوري لتعزيز المنظومة القانونية وتطهيرها من النصوص القانونية المخالفة للدستور، باتباع جميع الإجراءات القانونية أمام مختلف الجهات القضائية في مسالة "الفصل في الدفع بعدم الدستورية أمام المحكمة الدستورية". وتبيان الآثار القانونية المترتبة على عملية الدفع من الإرسال إلى الإحالة، إلى أن يتم الفصل فيه من قبل المحكمة الدستورية بشكل نهائي. The claim of unconstitutionality is a mechanism for activating oversight. It is an indirect legal defense mechanism before the Constitutional Court against a legislation or regulations that violate constitutional provisions. Every interested party may object if it becomes clear that this text violates his constitutionally guaranteed rights or freedom. This was confirmed by the Algerian constitutional founder in light of the (2020) Constitutional Amendment and Organic Law (22-19). This study highlights the efforts made by the Constitutional founder to strengthen the legal system and purify it of legal texts that violate the constitution. By following all legal procedures before the matter of "adjudicating the post constitutional plea before the constitutional Court". the legal effects resulting from the plea process from sending to referral are shown, until it is finally adjudicated by the Constitutional Court.

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